เว็บไซต์การเรียนรู้ ประภัสรา โคตะขุน: Automotive industry in the United Kingdom

06 มีนาคม 2555

Automotive industry in the United Kingdom

Automotive industry in the United Kingdom

The automotive industry in the United Kingdom is now best known for premium and sports car marques including Aston Martin, Bentley, Daimler, Jaguar, Lagonda, Land Rover, Lotus, McLaren, MG, Mini, Morgan and Rolls-Royce. Volume car manufacturers with a major presence in the UK include Ford, Honda, Nissan, Toyota and Vauxhall Motors (owned by General Motors). Commercial vehicle manufacturers active in the UK include Alexander Dennis, Ford, GMM Luton (owned by General Motors), Leyland Trucks (owned by Paccar) and London Taxis International.
In 2008 the UK automotive manufacturing sector had a turnover of £52.5 billion, generated £26.6 billion of exports and produced around 1.45 million passenger vehicles and 203,000 commercial vehicles. In that year around 180,000 people were directly employed in automotive manufacturing in the UK, with a further 640,000 people employed in automotive supply, retail and servicing. The UK is a major centre for engine manufacturing and in 2008 around 3.16 million engines were produced in the country. The UK has a significant presence in auto racing and the UK motorsport industry currently employs around 38,500 people, comprises around 4,500 companies and has an annual turnover of around £6 billion.

The origins of the UK automotive industry date back to the final years of the 19th century. By the 1950s the UK was the second-largest manufacturer of cars in the world (after the United States) and the largest exporter. However in subsequent decades the industry experienced considerably lower growth than competitor nations such as France, Germany and Japan and by 2008 the UK was the 12th-largest producer of cars measured by volume. Since the late 1980s many British car marques have become owned by foreign companies including BMW, SAIC, TATA and Volkswagen Group. Rights to many currently dormant brands, including Austin, Riley, Rover and Triumph, are also owned by foreign companies.

Famous and iconic British cars include the Aston Martin DB5, Aston Martin V8 Vantage, Bentley 4½ Litre, Jaguar E-Type, Land Rover Defender, Lotus Esprit, McLaren F1, MGB, original two-door Mini, Range Rover and Rolls-Royce Phantom III. Notable British car designers include John Polwhele Blatchley, Ian Callum, Colin Chapman, Alec Issigonis, Charles Spencer King and Gordon Murray.

History

^{1896 to 1900}

^{Frederick Simms}^{in his}^{Motor Scout}^{, in June 1899.}

^T^{he British motor industry started when}^{Frederick Simms}^{became friends with}^{Gottlieb Daimler}^{, who had, in 1885, patented a successful design for a high-speed}^{petrol engine}^{. Simms, a London consulting engineer, bought the British rights for Daimler's engine and associated patents and from 1891 successfully sold launches using these}^Cannstatt^{-made motors from Eel Pie Island in the Thames. In 1893 he formed The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited for his various Daimler-related enterprises.}
^{In June 1895 Simms and his friend Evelyn Ellis promoted motorcars in Britain by bringing a Daimler-engined Panhard & Levassor to England and in July it completed, without police intervention, the first British long-distance motorcar journey from Southampton to Malvern.}
^{Simms' documented plans to manufacture Daimler motors and Daimler Motor Carriages (in Cheltenham) were taken over, together with his company and its Daimler licences, by London company-promoter}^{H J Lawson}^{. Lawson contracted to buy The Daimler Motor Syndicate Limited and all its rights and on 14 January 1896 formed and in February successfully floated in London}^{The Daimler Motor Company Limited}^{. It then purchased from a friend of Lawson a disused cotton mill in}^Coventry^{for car engine and chassis manufacture where, it is claimed, Britain's first serial production car was made.}

^Daimler^{shooting brake}^{6 hp, twin-cylinder, 1526 cc engine, mounted at the front of the car, four-speed gearbox and chain drive manufactured Coventry 1897 in Britain's first series production run}^{Louwman Museum}

^{The claim for the first all-British motor car is contested, but George Lanchester's first cars of 1895 and 1896 did include French and German components. In 1891 Richard Stephens, a mining engineer from South Wales, returned from a commission in Michigan to establish a bicycle works in Clevedon, Somerset. Whilst in America he had seen the developments in motive power and by 1897 he had produced his first car. This was entirely of his own design and manufacture, including the two-cylinder engine, apart from the wheels which he bought from Starley in Coventry. This was probably the first all-British car and Stephens set up a production line, manufacturing in all, twelve vehicles, including four- and six-seater cars and hackneys, and nine-seater buses.}
^{Early motor vehicle development in the UK had been effectively stopped by a series of}^{Locomotive Acts}^{introduced during the 19th century which severely restricted the use of mechanically propelled vehicles on the}^{public highways}^{. Following intense}^advocacy^{by motor vehicle enthusiasts, including Harry J. Lawson of Daimler, the worst restrictions of these acts, (the need for each vehicle to be accompanied by a crew of three, and a 2 mph (3.2 km/h) speed limit in towns), was lifted by the}^{Locomotives on Highways Act 1896}^.^{Under this regulation, light locomotives (those vehicles under 3}^tons^{unladen weight) were exempt from the previous restrictions, and a higher speed limit - 14 mph (23 km/h) was set for them. To celebrate the new freedoms Lawson organised the}^{Emancipation Run}^{held on 14 November 1896, the day the new Act came into force. This occasion has been commemorated since 1927 by the annual}^{London to Brighton Veteran Car Run}^.

^{1900 to 1918}

^The^{Rolls-Royce 10 hp}^{, which was the first car to be produced as a result of the agreement between}^{Charles Rolls}^and^{Henry Royce}^.

^{The early British vehicles of the late 19th century relied mainly upon developments from Germany and France. By 1900 however, the first all-British 4-wheel car was designed and built by}^{Herbert Austin}^{, an employee of the}^{Wolseley Sheep Shearing Company}^{(later becoming the}^{Wolseley Motor Company}^{) in}^Birmingham^.
^{The pioneering car producers, many of them from the}^bicycle^{industry, got off to a shaky start. Of the 200 British makes of car that had been launched up until 1913, only about 100 of the firms were still in existence. In 1910 UK vehicle production was 14,000 units. By 1913}^{Henry Ford}^{had built a new factory in}^Manchester^{and was the leading UK producer, building 7310 cars that year, followed by Wolseley at 3000,}^Humber^{(making cars since 1898 in Coventry) at 2500,}^Rover^{(Coventry car maker since 1904) at 1800 and}^Sunbeam^{(producing cars since 1901) at 1700, with the plethora of smaller producers bringing the 1913 total up to about 16,000 vehicles.}

^{1918 to 1939}

^{1920 Austin Twenty}

^{Car production virtually came to an end during}^{the war years 1914–1918}^{, but the pressure of war production encouraged the development of mass-production techniques in the motor industry. By 1922 there were 183 motor companies in the UK, and by 1929, following the slump years, there were 58 companies remaining.}^{In 1929 production was dominated by}^Morris^{(founded by}^{William Morris}^{in 1910 in}^Oxford^{) and}^Austin^{(founded by Herbert Austin in}^Longbridge^{in 1905 after he left Wolseley) who between them produced 60% of the UK output.}^Singer^{(Coventry motorcycle manufacturer started building cars in 1905) followed in third place that year with 15% of production.}
^{In 1932 Britain overtook France to become Europe's largest car producer (a position which it retained until 1955). In 1937 the UK produced 379,310 passenger cars and 113,946 commercial vehicles.}^{To celebrate the granting of his peerage, William Morris upon becoming Viscount Nuffield, reorganised his motor vehicle companies in 1938, which by then included not only Morris Motors and}^MG^{, but also Wolseley and}^Riley^{(bicycle company founded in Coventry in 1890 and making cars since 1913), into the}^{Nuffield Organisation}^{. In 1939 the top producers were Morris: 27%, Austin: 24%, Ford: 15%,}^Standard^{(founded in Coventry in 1903): 13%,}^Rootes^{(which had acquired Humber and Sunbeam): 11%,}^Vauxhall^{(building cars since 1903, acquired by}^GM^{in 1925): 10%.}

^{1939 to 1955}

^The^{Land Rover Series I}^{, introduced in 1948.}

^During^{World War II}^{car production gave way to commercial and military vehicle production, and many motor vehicle plants were used for aircraft and aero engine production. Following the war the government controlled the supply of steel, and priority was given to supplying foreign-revenue-raising export businesses. In 1947 steel was available only to businesses with 75% of production being exported. This, coupled with the inevitable limited competition from Europe, and with demand for new vehicles in America and in Australia being greater than the American industry alone could supply, resulted in British vehicle exports reaching record levels. Britain became the world's biggest motor vehicle exporter. In 1937 Britain provided 15% of world vehicle exports, by 1950, a year in which 75% of British car production and 60% of its commercial vehicle production was exported, Britain provided 52% of the world's exported vehicles. This situation remained until the mid-1950s, by which time the American industry production had caught up with American demand, and European production was recovering. By 1952 the American owned producers in the UK (Ford and GM's Vauxhall) had between them a 29% share of the British market, which exceeded the share of either of Britain's top two manufacturers. It was in that context that Viscount Nuffield agreed to the merger of his company, the Nuffield Organisation, with Austin, to form the}^{British Motor Corporation}^{(BMC). Thus BMC, comprising Austin, Morris, MG, Riley and Wolseley was formed in 1952 and commanded a 40% share of the British market.}^{German production was increasing yearly, and by 1953 it had exceeded that of France, and by 1956 it had overtaken that of Britain.}

^{1955 to 1968}

^{E-type Jaguar}^{(introduced 1961)}

^{By 1955 five companies produced 90% of Britain's motor vehicle output: BMC, Ford, Rootes, Standard-Triumph and Vauxhall. Of the dozen or so small producers Rover and Jaguar were strong niche producers. During 1960 Britain dropped from being the world's second largest motor vehicle producer into third place. Labour-intensive methods, and wide model ranges hindered opportunities to reduce manufacturing costs - Britain's unit costs were higher than those of their major Japanese, European and American competitors.}^{Although rationalisation of motor vehicle companies had started, full integration did not occur. BMC continued to produce vehicles under the marque names of its incorporated companies, many of which competed with each other.}^{Standard-Triumph's attempts to reduce costs by embracing a modern volume production strategy almost led to their bankruptcy in 1960, the result was that they were purchased by the}^{commercial vehicle}^{manufacturing company}^{Leyland Motors}^{. In 1966, BMC and Jaguar came together, to form}^{British Motor Holdings}^{(BMH). Leyland had achieved some sales success with Leyland-Triumph and in 1967 it acquired Rover. By 1966 Britain had slipped to become the world's fourth largest motor vehicle producer. Following a gradual process which had begun in 1964,}^{Chrysler UK}^{(CUK) had fully acquired Rootes by 1967.}

¹⁹⁶⁷^{Morris Mini-Minor}^{(introduced 1959)}

^{In the context of BMC's wide, complex, and expensive-to-produce model range, and Ford's conventionally designed}^Cortina^{challenging the number one spot in the domestic market, and the heavy reliance of the British economy on motor vehicle production, in 1968 the Government brokered the merger of the successful Leyland-Triumph-Rover and the struggling BMH, to form Europe's fourth largest car maker, the}^{British Leyland Motor Corporation}^{(BLMC). The new company announced its intention to invest in a new volume car range, and to equip its factories with the latest capital-intensive production methods.}^{Notable British cars of this era included the 1959}^Mini^{— designed by}^{Alec Issigonis}^{for the}^{British Motor Corporation}^{, and}^{Malcolm Sayer}^{'s 1961}^{E-type Jaguar}^.

^{1968 to 1977}

^{The first-generation}^{Range Rover}^{, which was in production from 1970 to 1996.}

^{By 1968 UK motor vehicle production was dominated by four companies: BLMC, Chrysler (UK), Ford, and Vauxhall (GM). The national champion, BLMC, was handicapped in its attempts to modernise by internal rivalries. Unattractive new products, retention of legacy marques and models, labour disputes, quality issues, supplier problems and inefficient use of new equipment thwarted the dream of efficient high volume production. Increased overseas competition, arising from lowered tariffs and membership of the}^{European Union}^{, and high unit costs, led to low profits, which in turn jeopardised investment plans. BLMC's share of the UK market dropped from 40% to 32% between 1971 and 1973.}

^The^{Triumph Dolomite Sprint}^{, in production from 1973 to 1980.}

^{By 1974 Britain's position as a world motor vehicle manufacturer had dropped to sixth place. In 1974 both BLMC and Chrysler UK appealed to the Government for financial help. The Government rejected the idea of a BLMC/CUK merger, and instead CUK received a loan and BLMC was subjected to a series of studies to determine its future. The Government's official BLMC enquiry, led by}^{Lord Ryder}^{, suggested that BLMC's strategy was sound, but required huge Government investment to improve productivity by providing mechanisation and improving labour relations. Despite the effective}^{nationalisation}^{of BLMC as}^{British Leyland}^{(BL) in 1975, the recovery never happened. Chrysler sold its European interests (including those in the UK) to}^Peugeot^{in 1977, to allow it to concentrate on its own difficulties in America. The UK interests were renamed}^{Peugeot-Talbot}^.

^{1977 to 1987}

¹⁹⁸³^{Austin Metro}^{(introduced 1980)}

^{By the end of the 1970s Ford, Peugeot-Talbot and Vauxhall (GM) were well integrated with their parent companies' other European operations. BL stood alone in the UK as an increasingly junior player. As part of the drive for increased productivity in the late 1970s, BL reduced its workforce and number of plants, and strived to centralise its management activities. The city of Coventry suffered particularly badly, with many thousands becoming unemployed. In 1979 BL struck a collaboration deal with}^Honda^{to share the development and production of a new mid-sized car (}^{Triumph Acclaim}^/^{Honda Ballade}^{). The new car combined Honda engine and transmission designs with a BL body. Although the UK political scene changed in 1979 with the election of the}^{Thatcher government}^{, the Government continued to support BL with funds for the development of a new mass-market model range (}^{Mini Metro}^,^Maestro^,^Montego^{and another Honda collaboration the}^{Rover 800}^{). Car assembly, with the exception of Jaguars, was concentrated into two central plants -}^Longbridge^and^Cowley^{. In July 1986 BL was renamed the}^{Rover Group}^.

^{1987 to 2001}

^The^{Rover 600 Series}^{, in production from 1993 to 1999}

^{In July 1986,}^Nissan^{became the first}^Japanese^{carmaker to set up a production facility in Europe, when it opened a new plant in}^Sunderland^{. The plant initially produced just the}^Bluebird^{and from 1990 its successor, the}^Primera^{- until the launch of the}^{MK2 Micra}^{in 1992.}
^{Peugeot started production of the}³⁰⁹^{hatchback at Ryton in January 1986, followed by the}⁴⁰⁵^{at the end of 1987. As the decade progressed, production of the}³⁰⁶^and²⁰⁶^{also began at Ryton.}
^Honda's^{venture with}^{Austin Rover}^{and the post-1989}^{Rover Group}^{saw a number of different designs shared between the two marques. The venture finished in February 1994 when Rover Group ownership was transferred from}^{British Aerospace}^{to German carmaker}^BMW^{. For the first time in some 90 years, Britain was without an independent mass production carmaker. BMW's ownership of the Rover Group saw the development of several newer, more upmarket models, giving the British brand an image to match that of its parent company. BMW also revived the}^MG^{brand in 1995 on a new affordable sports car, the}^MGF^{, as well as strengthening}^{Land Rover's}^{position in the off-roader market. BMW controversially sold off the}^{Rover Group}^{in May 2000. It retained the rights to the}^Mini^{marque, while selling Land Rover to}^Ford^{. The MG and Rover marques were sold to the Phoenix Consortium, who branded the remains of the group as}^{MG Rover}^{and concentrated all production at the}^{Longbridge plant}^{. For the first time in six years, Britain had an independent mass production carmaker again.}

^The^{Bentley Arnage}^{, in production from 1998 to 2009}

^{After the split from Rover,}^Honda^{continued making the}^Civic^{range in the}^UK^{at a new plant in}^Swindon^.
^Toyota^{opened a new plant near}^Derby^{at the beginning of 1992.}
^{Ford took over}^Jaguar^{in October 1989, and production of the new small Jaguar, the X type, started at Halewood in late 2000. By the end of the century, Ford had also acquired}^{Land Rover}^and^{Aston Martin}^.
^{Volkswagen took over}^Rolls-Royce^and^Bentley^{in 1998 and it launched the Arnage and the Corniche in the same year. In 2003 BMW acquired Rolls-Royce and launched the Phantom.}

^{2001 to 2011}

^The^{Lotus Evora}^{, which was launched in 2008}

^{In May 2000}^Ford^{announced that passenger car assembly as its Dagenham plant would cease in 2002, ending 90 years of Ford passenger car assembly in the UK.}^{At the same time Ford announced that it would invest $500 million in the expansion of a diesel engine factory at the site, making Dagenham its largest diesel engine center worldwide and creating about 500 new jobs to offset the 1,900 to be lost in vehicle assembly.}^{In December 2004 Ford announced a further investment of £169 million in the Dagenham plant, increasing annual output to one million diesel engines.}
^{The closure of Vauxhall's Luton car assembly plant in March 2003 left}^{Ellesmere Port}^{as the sole Vauxhall assembly plant remaining in Britain. General Motors also retained the former}^Bedford^{works in Luton for producing}^vans^{such as the}^Vivaro^{and the}^Movano^{. By 2007, the Ellesmere Port plant was employing 3,000 and received a boost with confirmation that the next generation Astra will be produced there from 2009.}
^{Losses at Jaguar led to closure of the company's}^{Browns Lane plant}ⁱⁿ^Coventry^{in 2004.}^{Spare capacity at Halewood allowed Land Rover Freelander production to be transferred there in 2006.}
^{MG Rover}^{spent the early part of the 2000s investigating possible ventures with other carmakers in order to develop a new range of cars. Proposed links with foreign organisations including Malaysian carmaker}^Proton^{failed to materialise, and by late 2004 Chinese carmaker}^{Shanghai Automobile}^{had shown an interest in taking over the Longbridge-based firm - which was now hundreds of millions of pounds in debt. Talks broke down and the firm went into receivership in April 2005 with the loss of more than 6,000 jobs. Three months later, the firm's assets were purchased by another Chinese carmaker -}^{Nanjing Automobile Group}^{- and Longbridge partially re-opened over the summer of 2007 with an initial workforce of around 250 preparing to restart production of the}^{MG TF}^{which was relaunched in August 2008.}
^Peugeot^{reduced output of the}^Ryton^{plant in the spring of 2001 when its}³⁰⁶^{model was replaced by the French-built}³⁰⁷^{, leaving the}²⁰⁶^{as the sole model built there. In April 2006 Peugeot closed its Ryton plant and moved 206 production to}^Slovakia^.

^The^{Aston Martin DBS V12}^{, in production since 2007}

^{In 2007, Ford sold}^{Aston Martin}^{to a British-led Consortium backed by Middle East investors, retaining a small stake in the company and agreeing to continue the supply of components including engines.}^[28][29]^{In 2008 Ford sold its}^{Jaguar Land Rover}^{to Tata Motors of India.}^{In November 2009, Dutch sportscar maker}^{Spyker Cars}^{announced that it would be moving production from}^Zeewolde^to^{Whitley, Coventry}^{, and UK production began in February 2010.}
^{In March 2010 McLaren Automotive unveiled its MP4-12C model, alongside plans to produce around 4,000 cars per year at its Woking factory by the middle of the decade.}^{At the Paris Motor Show in September 2010 Lotus Cars unveiled five new models due to go on sale by 2016, alongside plans for an investment of £770 million over 10 years, the complete redevelopment of its Hethel factory and an increase in production from under 3,000 cars per year to 6,000 to 7,000.}^{In December 2010 it was announced that Renault had sold its remaining 25% shareolding in its eponymous Formula 1 team to Lotus Cars, and that the team would be renamed Lotus Renault in 2011.}

^{2011 to present}

^{At the}^{North American International Auto Show}^{in January 2011 BMW announced that it would be extending the Mini range with the launch of two new two-door sports crossover vehicles based on the}^{Mini Paceman}^{concept car, with a coupe version planned to enter production in 2011 and a roadster to follow in 2012.}^{In March 2011}^{Jaguar Land Rover}^{announced that it would be hiring an additional 1,500 staff at its}^{Halewood plant}^{, and signed over £2 billion of supply contracts with UK-based companies, to enable production of its new}^{Range Rover Evoque}^model.^{In April 2011 the}^{MG Motor}^{subsidiary of}^{Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation}^{announced that mass production had resumed at the}^{Longbridge plant}^{, as the first}^{MG 6}^{to be produced in the United Kingdom came off the production line.}^{In May 2011 Jaguar unveiled plans to build the}^C-X75^{petrol-electric hybrid supercar in the UK from 2013, with production to be in association with}^{Williams F1}^.^{Also in May, Aston Martin Lagonda confirmed that it was planning to revive the}^Lagonda^{marque, with the launch of two or three new models.}^{In an interview with Reuters in the same month,}^{Carl-Peter Forster}^{, the Chief Executive of}^{Tata Motors}^{, revealed that Jaguar Land Rover was seeking a Chinese joint-venture partner to enable production of Jaguar and Land Rover models in China, and that it would be investing over £5 billion in new product development over the succeeding five years.}
^{In June, Nissan announced that the replacement for the existing Nissan Qashqai would be designed and built in the UK, in a total investment of £192 million safeguarding around 6,000 jobs.}^{In June BMW announced an investment of £500 million in the UK over the subsequent three years as part of an expansion of the Mini range to seven models.}^{In September 2011, Jaguar Land Rover confirmed that it would be investing £355 million in the construction of a new engine plant near}^{Wolverhampton}^{, to manufacture a new family of four-cylinder petrol and diesel engines.}^{Later in the same month it was announced that the}^Jensen^{marque would be revived, with a new version of the}^Interceptor^{to be built by CPP Holdings at the former Jaguar factory}^{Browns Lane}^{in Coventry.}^{In November, Toyota announced plans to make the UK its sole European manufacturing base for hatchback versions of its next C-segment family car, resulting in the investment of over £100 million in its Burnaston plant and the creation of around 1,500 new jobs.}

Motorsport

It has been estimated that there are about 4,000 companies in the UK involved in the manufacturing industry related to motorsport.
Formula One motor racing has made its home in the UK, the following eight of the twelve teams competing in the 2012 season are based there:

Formula One engine suppliers:

Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains - Brixworth, Northamptonshire

Other major motorsports teams and organisations:

Ford World Rally Team - Cumbria, England
Stobart VK WRC Team - Cumbria, England
Munchi's Ford - Cumbria, England
M-Sport - Cockermouth, Cumbria (Run's All 3 Ford WRC Teams)
Prodrive - Banbury, Oxfordshire (Runs Aston Martin Racing, formerley Subaru's WRC Team and Ford Performance Vehicles)

Inactive marques

Currently inactive British automotive marques include: Allard, Alvis, Armstrong Siddeley, Austin, Autovia, Dawson, DeLorean, Gilbern, Gordon-Keeble, Healey, Hillman, Humber, Jensen, Jowett, Lanchester, Lea-Francis, Morris, Napier, Reliant, Riley, Rover, Singer, Standard, Sterling, Sunbeam, Sunbeam-Talbot, Talbot, Triumph, TVR (production halted), Vanden Plas, Wolseley.

Notes

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External links

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom

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